Age+of+Anxiety






 * Functionalism**: The principle that buildings, like industrial products, should serve as well as possible the purpose for which they were made. This principle was made popular in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as there was an architectural revolution occurring with new, modern designs.


 * Stream –of-consciousness technique**: A literary technique that was founded by Virginia Woolf, James Joyce, and others. It uses interior monologue, or the character's thoughts and feelings as they occur, to explore the human psyche. This technique was used by serious novelists, and is found in works like //Jacob's Room, The Sound and the Fury,// and //Ulysses.//


 * Dawes Plan**: The plan formed by Anglo-American cooperation and forced onto the French; it reduced the yearly payment of reparations the Germans had to pay. Signed after the Ruhr Crisis.


 * Mein Kampf**: B ook by Adolf Hitler. Volume 1 of Mein Kampf was published in 1925 and Volume 2 in 1926. Hitler began dictation of the book while imprisoned for what he considered to be "political crimes" following his failed Putsch in Munich in November 1923. Hitler used the main thesis of "the Jewish peril", which speaks of an alleged Jewish conspiracy to gain world leadership.


 * Popular Front**:A short-lived "New Deal" inspired alliance in France that encouraged the union movement and launched a social reform program


 * Friedrich Nietzsche**: was a German philosopher of the late 19th century who challenged the foundations of Christianity and traditional morality. He was interested in the enhancement of individual and cultural health, and believed in life, creativity, power, and the realities of the world we live in, rather than those situated in a world beyond. Central to his philosophy is the idea of “life-affirmation,” which involves an honest questioning of all doctrines that drain life's expansive energies, however socially prevalent those views might be.


 * Henri Bergson**: French philosopher that said immediate experience and intuition is better than rational and scientific thinking for understanding reality.


 * Georges Sorel**- French Socialist and revolutionary syndicalist who developed an original and provocative theory on the positive, even creative, role of myth and violence in the historical process.

====**syndicalism**: a movement that advocates direct action by the working class to abolish the capitalist order, including the state, and to establish in its place a social order based on workers organized in production units. ====


 * Ludwig Wittgenstein**: Austrian philosopher wrote //Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus// that philosophy is only clarifying thoughts and should concentrate on language; God, freedom and morality are senseless and a waste of time, "Of what one cannot speak, of that one must keep silent."


 * Logical empiricism**: Also known as Logical Positivism. A philosophy that sees meaning only in beliefs that can be empirically proven. It rejects most of traditional philosophy, like the existence of God to the meaning of happiness, as nonsense.


 * Existentialism**: This is the belief that stresses the meaninglessness of existance and the significance of an individual who must try and find morals in an amoral world. This was particularly popular in Germany when Martin Heidegger and Karl Jaspers find an accepting audience of university students. Existentialists were usually atheists, no believing in a supreme being that created and gave meaning to everything.
 * John-Paul Sartre**: "Existence precedes essence", "man is condemned to be free". Believed that existence is absurd, humans are alone and have no God to help them.

It is important to note that despite George Orwell's book, while pessimistic towards the future of society, was not actually predicted to happen. This book was simply a warning to the public of the possible direction of the relationship between the public and government control.
 * George Orwell,** //**1984**://a book written about the common people being constantly watched and deprived information. Dystopian society of the future.


 * “New Physics**”: the changing idea that science is no longer unchanging natural laws.


 * Max Planck**: showed that subatomic energy is emitted in uneven spurts (called "quanta"). Called into question the old distinction between matter and energy.


 * Albert Einstein, theory of relativity**: A scientific theory associated with Albert Einstein. Relativity holds that time and space dont exist separately. instead, they are a combined continuum whose measurement depends as much on the observer as on the entities being measured.


 * Ernest Rutherford**: Leading pioneer of physics in the 1920's, the "heroic age of physics." In 1919 he discovered the neutron with his Gold Foil Experiment. The neutron's capabilities were essential for creating the atomic bomb. Rutherford also had the element Rutherfordium named after him.


 * Bauhaus movement, Walter Gropius**:stressed functionalism and good design for everyday life


 * Pablo Picasso, Guernica**: a painting describing and reflecting the past war.


 * Dadaism**: An art style that developed in the post WWI world that was intended to overturn the principles of art and shock the viewer. The young proponents of Dadaism often worked playful satire into their work, for example: in Fountain by Marcel Duchamp the artist simply placed a urinal on a pedestal and called it art.


 * Surrealism**: An art movement that focuses on dream-like scenes and depiction of strange, often nonsensical, subject matter.


 * Salvador Dali**: A Spanish surrealist artist. He made paintings that were very detailed but that portrayed a dreamscape rather than an a real scene his piece //Persistence of Time// is an excellent example that shows both his personal style and the wild style of surrealism in general.


 * Igor Stravinsky**: Stravinsky was a famous "modern composer," who used odd, confusing rhythmic patterns and ignored a specific key signature. One of his most controversial creations was his ballet, //The Rite of Spring//, in which there were pulsating, dissonated rhythms and scandelous dancing that caused uproar among the audience.
 * Weimar Republic**: The German democratic government, which held a tenuous grasp on the army and public loyalty; the two things anyone needs to rule.


 * John Maynard Keynes,** //**Economic Consequences of the Peace, 1919**:// sympathized with Germany, said the treaty needed to be changed, or Germany's economy would go under because of the impossible war reparations.


 * Ruhr Crisis, 1923**: Germany ceased payment of reparations, citing that further payment would irreparably damage the German economy. The French invaded The Ruhr Industrial Zone and forced Germans to work in the factories there to produce goods as a form of payment. The German Government issued a demand for all workers in the Ruhr area to go on strike. Under the occupation, over a hundred Germans were killed by French forces, who, it is important to mention, were mainly colonial militia from Africa. This sparked widespread racism throughout Germany.


 * Locarno Pact, “spirit of Locarno”**:


 * Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928**: The Kellogg-Briand Pact, also known as the Pact of Paris after the city where it was signed on August 27, 1928, was an international treaty "providing for the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy." It failed in its purpose but was significant for later developments in international law. It was named after the American secretary of state Frank B. Kellogg and French foreign minister Aristide Briand, who drafted the pact.


 * Keynesian economics**: An economic theory based on the ideas of British economist John Maynard Keynes. According to Keynesian economics, government can spend their economies out of a depression by using deficit spending to encourage employment and stimulate economic growth.