Renaissance

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/cs6/ren.html

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 * Italian Renaissance**-Though it eventually spread through Europe, the Renaissance began in the great city-states of Italy. Italian merchants and political officials supported and commissioned the great artists of the day, thus the products of the Renaissance grew up inside their walls. The most powerful city-states were Florence, The Papal States (centered in Rome), Venice, and Milan. Each of these states grew up with its own distinctive character, very much due to the different forms of government that presided over each. Florence, considered the birthplace of the Renaissance, grew powerful as a wool-trading post, and remained powerful throughout the Renaissance due to the leadership of the Medici family, who maintained the city's financial strength and were intelligent and generous patrons of the arts. The Pope, who had the responsibility of running the Catholic Church as well, ruled Rome. As the power of the northern city-states grew, the Papacy increasingly became the seat of an international politician rather than a spiritual leader, and many pontiffs fell prey to the vices of corruption and nepotism that often accompanied a position of such power. Nevertheless, Rome, the victim of a decline that had destroyed the ancient city during the Middle Ages, flourished once again under papal leadership during the Renaissance. Venice and Milan also grew wealthy and powerful, playing large roles in Italian politics and attracting many artists and writers to their gilded streets. Venice was ruled by oligarchy in the hands of its Great Council of noble families, and Milan by a strong monarchy that produced a line of powerful dukes.


 * City-states- regions in italy that had seperate governments.**
 * Milan,- Mercantile crossroad between East and West, Ruled by Sforza family. highly centralized with efficient tax system and large revenue**
 * Florence,-Banking, Papal Banking and birthplace of Renaissance, Ruled by Medici family**
 * Venice,-Merchant marine, overseas trade, Political stability from Doge(kind of ruler)**
 * Genoa- Mercantile crossroad between East and West**


 * Signori**- Generals who stay in charge with advice from communes, can usually trace family back to Roman Senate. When the condotierri took over, it would often lead to a Signori, a form of ruling in which one man (signor) holds total power.


 * Oligarchies-** A system of government where the wealthy Aristocrats rule the city. good example is Venice, which was rule by a doge. The office of doge was not inherited and did not come with complete rule.


 * Commenda system- Contract between merchant and merchant adventurers who take goods to far away places and return for 1/3 of profit.**


 * Condotierri-** They were the mercenary soldier leaders (or warlords) of the professional, military free companies contracted by the Italian city-states and the Papacy, from the late Middle Ages and throughout the Renaissance. In Renaissance Italian, condottiero meant "contractor", and was synonymous with the modern English title Mercenary Captain, which, historiographically, does not connote the hired soldier’s nationality. In contemporary Italian, "condottiero" acquired the broader meaning of "military leader". In Italian historiography, Renaissance mercenary captains


 * Republic of Florence- Medici, known for art (artists include Giotto, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Dante, and Raphael.)**


 * Medici Family**- W as a political dynasty and banking family and later royal house that first began to grow under Cosimo de' Medici in the Republic of Florence during the late 14th century. The family originated in the Tuscan countryside, were they gradually rose until they were able to found the Medici Bank. The bank was the largest in Europe during the 15th century. Although they were very wealthy and powerful, they were never monarchs.

Also Noted for his patronage of culture and the arts.
 * Cosimo de’ Medici-** Founder of one of the main lines of the Medici family that ruled Florence from 1434 to 1537.


 * Lorenzo de’ Medici (the Magnificent)**- Florentine statesman, ruler, and patron of arts. He ruled Florence with his younger brother, Giuliano. Though dedicating himself to banking, he held charges in the Florentine Republic, and was ambassador to Pope Eugene IV and the Republic of Venice.


 * Duchy of Milan**- It was created 1 May 1395, when Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Lord of Milan, see: (the Nobiles) - ^ "Compendium of the CCC, 304–306". Vatican.va. Retrieved 30 June 2011. purchased a diploma for 100,000 Florins from King Wenceslaus . It was this diploma that installed, Gian Galeazzo as Duke of Milan and Count of Pavia. At its foundation the duchy included 26 towns and spanned from the hills of Montferrat to the Lagoons of Venice, and included all the former towns of the Lombard League. During the rule of the Visconti and Sforza, the duchy had to defend its territory against the Swiss, the French and the Venetians, until the //Betrayal of Novara// in 1500 when the duchy passed to the French-claim of Louis XII . Milan declared itself a republic, despite the fact that the Duke of Orleans was the legitimate heir by treaty and the Nobiles were the House in See. Orleans proved unable to make good his claim, but the republic was nevertheless short-lived. The adventurer Francesco Sforza , who married the last Visconti's illegitimate daughter, seized Milan in 1450 and made himself duke.


 * Sforza Family**- Powerful and extremely wealthy family that ruled Milan. The family made most of it's money through the lucrative overland trade.


 * Republic of Venice**- City state on the north west coast of italy. economy based on merchants and trade.


 * Papal States**- The temporal dominions belonging to the pope, esp. in central Italy. Papal States comprised of territories under the direct sovereign rule of the Papacy.


 * Naples, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies** - the Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of Sicily merged together to form the Kingdom of Two Sicilies.


 * Girolamo Savonarola**- A Dominican friar who predicted the invasion of France. He siad that it was God's prophecy to punish France for its moral vice and corrupt leadership.


 * Machiavelli, The Prince**- Examples of rulers to argue the function of a ruler/government is to preserve order and security. To preserve the state a ruler should use **//whatever//** he/she needs but to not do anything that would cause the populace to turn against him/her. "It is better to be feared than loved." this document was basicly written to tell princes how to rule effectivly over their land.

The emphasis on and interest in the unique traits of each person. Was one of the Renaissance believes of stressing personality, uniqueness, genius and full development of ones capabilities. Despite the fact Christian humility discouraged self-absorption, 14th and 15th century guilds and parish provided strong support for the individual as people distanced themselves from the past and medieval times.
 * Individualism**- stresses personality, genius, uniqueness and the fullest development of ones capabilities and talent.


 * Secularism**- .Concern from the material world instead of spiritual. B asic concern with the material world instead of with the external world of spirit. In the Renaissance practice of it baecame acceptable. Secularism saw slow but steady growth in 14th and 15th century Italy. Increase in trade and economic activity = secularism.


 * Sack of Rome, 1527** - An army of Spanish Catholics and Lutherans, loyal to Charles V, led by Charles III marched into Rome. They "Sacked" Rome by raping women, destroying valuable artifacts, and looting whatever they wanted. Pope Clement VII fled from Rome.


 * Charles V** - The Emperor of the Hapsburg Empire during part of the Renaissance. Charles V inherited a massive empire because of political marriages, in total his claims included The Holy Roman Empire, Spain, The Netherlands, The Kingdom of Naples, et cetera. He once said: "I speak Spanish to God, Italian to women, French to men, and German to my horse."


 * Petrarch**- Called the Father of Humanism, believed recovering classical texts would bring about a new golden era, believed man had miraculous nature and no limits on what man could accomplish. Father of the Renaissance. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization.


 * Lorenzo Valla** - Foremost expert on Latin, corrected errors in the Bible which caused problems later on. was an italian humanist, philosopher, and literary critic. Wrote //Elegantiae linguae Latinae// (an advanced handbook on latin language and style). He gave the Humanists the most combatant formulations, bringing the study of latin to higher levels.He also wrote //Repastinatio dialectice// //et philosophie ( Re- ploughing of Dialect and Philosophy)// also know as //Dialectics.// He attacked scholastic- Aristotelian thought from a linguistic point of view.


 * Castiglione, Book of the Courtier**- A couresy book published in Venice just before Castiglione's death. It addresses the constitution of a perfect courier. It was important because it showed how a courtier should act and how they should rule. Renaissance nobility and rulers looked to this book to know how they should rule their lands according to examples on how the people would react to their rule.


 * Johann Gutenberg, printing press**- Johann Gutenberg brought one of the most important inventions of all mankind into existence. Although printing already existed in a process of carving a page for a book into a wooden plate, this was a time consuming technique that. Another problem to the wooden plates was durability, the wooden plates would wear out after only a few uses. To remedy this, Gutenberg created arrangeable iron type that were extremely durable, efficient, and considerably inexpensive. Books could now be printed in mass and ideas could be spread further. The printing press is a definite cause of the perpetuation of the Renaissance, the Reading Revolution, the Scientific Revolution, and the Enlightenment.


 * Pope Alexander VI**- aka Roderigo Borgia. Borgia, a Spanish noble, began a quest for power and personal vanity. Ultimately, he bribed and threatened the cardinals of Rome to elect him as the next pope during conclave. He was successful in this endeavor and was granted the pontificate in 1492. Borgia, while in the papal office, had sexual relations with several women and was known to kill anyone who might stand in his way. In addition he appointed his illegitimate children to high ranking positions in the papal states.

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 * Brunelleschi, Il Duomo**-Filippo Brunellechi along with Lorenzo Ghiberti were hired by the Cloth Merchants of Florence to build both the Magnificent dome on the Cathedral of Florence, and the bronze doors for the adjacent Baptistery. These works represented the merchants dominant influence in the community.
 * Ghiberti**- Lorenzo Ghiberti, an Italian artist during the early Renaissance, best known for creating the bronze doors of the Baptistery of Florence Cathedral. He was hired by the Florentine clothe merchants along with Filippo Brunelleschi. It was their way to flaunt their wealth when they had the money to.

(http://www.shafe.co.uk/crystal/images/lshafe/Donatello_David_1430_bronze.jpg)
 * Donatello, David** - //David//by Donatello was the first cast bronze sculpture since antiquity, In addition it was also one of the first nudes. Overall it shows a turn in artistic thinking from purely religious subjects to subjects that drew on the methods of antiquity. The stance of the statue also shows how the Renaissance artists went back to antiquity, in the ancient Roman sculptures the subjects normally stood with one knee bent and hands on their hips. Another antiquity is the very detailed muscle tone and body structure, before the Renaissance art had a very 2D look to it where statues were against walls and viewers only saw the front of the piece, now viewers were able to walk around the artwork and see a 3D view.

(https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRqdHSprJUqZeboUQTzVdiQdG7NhgLegi6Pm5S-jBlrcFZ-whmM)
 * Botticelli, Birth of Venus** - //Birth of Venus// demonstrates a completely secular painting incorporating nudity, Roman gods, and antique poses (look at how Venus is standing). As stated with the //David//, by Donatello, this shows the "back to antiquity" where the one legged stance of Venus is depicted as that of ancient Roman art.


 * “High Renaissance"** - Centered in Rome in 16th Century, Believed in Balance, Harmony and Restraint. It was the epitome of Renaissance art, especially in Rome.


 * Leonardo da Vinci**- Leonardo da Vinci was a Painter, Sculptor, Architect, Musician, Scientist, Mathematician, Engineer, Anatomist, Geologist, Cartographer, Botanist, Writer, and an Inventor. Overall he contributed very little to the Renaissance; the vast majority of his work remained unfinished, most of his paintings were also unfinished. but as the years went by he was recognized as the most influential man of the reniassance and many of his ideas and works are still prevelant in todays society.


 * Raphael, School of Athens** - In this piece, which displays the influence of antiquity and individualism, Raphael shows the new developments in rendering perspective in artwork. The individualism is found in many of the faces of the Greek philosophers that have the visages of Raphael as well as those of his friends and patrons. The persanalization of these members of the painters was a common trend during this time, a characteristic of antiquity.


 * Michelangelo** - Michelangelo was an Italian painter who was considered one of the most famous in all of history. He most embodies Renaissance art. His most famous piece is probably designing the St. Peter's basilica dome.

( https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSjBoqWTOw27DN-RBwy__TCdCnfHt2pDorURgMas6OOZF8CeOniMw) ( https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR9EnqieQqyKOczZ-xqQNY6tJMWFJX5F3JaqIgMakOwq9NLtygjtQ) (This is the most famous scene from the Sistine Chapel ceiling where it shows God reaching out to touch man, a very religious meaning would be that God is just only so far away from humans) ( https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRkl17NN5S3tqVQHWLAs_8wCJ26gLmSD0EZg2e8Z3q92N2KK9A)
 * David-** Michelangelo's //David// is different that Donatello's in a way that it is sculpted in solid marble instead of bronze. The detail on the muscle tone is so acute and accurate that it appears as if there were no chisel marks. Again, though, the ancient Roman antiquity is shown through because of the stance that the subject is taking.
 * ceiling of the Sist****ine Chaple**, The Sistine Chapel ceiling, painted by Michelangelo between 1508 and 1512, is a cornerstone work of High Renaissance art. The ceiling is that of the large Papal Chapel built within the Vatican between 1477 and 1480 by Pope Sixtus IV after whom it is named, and was painted at the commission of Pope Julius II. The chapel is the location for Papal Conclaves and many important services. The commissioning of this artwork is a prime example of patronage during the Renaissance (used to better the possessions and reputation of whoever was paying the artist). Michelangelo was said to have painted while laying on his bakc for so long that his shirt began to grow into his skin.


 * Pieta**
 * Mannerism** - This artistic technique rebelled against the perfection of high Renaissance art by using unnatural colors, elongated shapes, distorted figures and extreme emotion.


 * El Greco** -Painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance. He was known for his frequent use mannerism in his paintings, his most famous one being his view of toledo. He used extremely saturated colors contrasted light colors to highlight the gaps in the clouds and create depth in the painting.


 * Northern Renaissance**- the northern renaissance was focused around the church. they incorperated humanistic ideas that were focused around the church. It was a less fashionable movement than the Italian Renaissance.

first, education is the key to moral and intellectual improvement; and second, Christianity is Christ—his life and what he said and did, not what theologians have written.
 * Christian Humanism** - more Christian in nature, wanted reforms using Christian ideals, Christian ideals- love, hope and faith. Believed in reason over dogma (religious instruction being dictated) believed in education and using your mind to bring about change
 * Erasmus, In Praise of Folly** - Dutch Humanist, whose very popular In Praise of Folly used satire to express Christian ideals. In it, he expressed two main ideas: