Wars+of+Religion

Please insert any relevant information, pictures, links, etc. that you find dealing with the Wars of Religion.



Terms: ID the following terms. Include any and all information that you feel is relevant to the term. If possible identify any other IDs your term is related to.


 * Baroque Art-** exaggerated art, very big and grand, religious. Started around 1600, the goal of the artist was to invoke emotion through big, vertical lines and grand images. This could be seen in music (Bach, Handel, Vivaldi), architecture (Versailles, St. Petersburg), and paintings.


 * Bernini** - A famous sculptor form the Late High Renaissance and the Baroque period. Below is his famous sculpture called //Apollo and Daphne.// It displays a story from antiquity, where Apollo pursuits his love, Daphne. However, Daphne hates Apollo and when Apollo eventually catches her, Daphne beseeches her father to turn her into a tree so she will never have to love Apollo. The sculpture is heavily Baroque, both by the detail rendered and the intense emotion shown.
 * Caravaggio**-Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio was an Italian artist active in Rome, Naples, Malta, and Sicily between 1593 and 1610. His paintings, which combine a realistic observation of the human state, both physical and emotional, with a dramatic use of lighting, had a formative influence on the Baroque school of painting.


 * Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis 1559** - Marked the end of a 65 year war between France and Spain for control of Italy, ended the Hapsburg-Valois War. Spanish Hapsburg retained dominant control of Italy.


 * Phillip II** - Spanish King during Spain's Golden Age (that wasn't really golden, it was silver), wrote off the state debt multiple times (which weakened confidence in the government) and paid armies and foreign debt with Spanish silver which spread the Spanish inflation to all of Europe


 * Dutch Revolt** - Religion is the pretext, revolted because Calvinism appealed to the hard working middle class, also because new king in Spain


 * Antwerp**- The most prosperous city in the Netherlands at the time. It was a hub for banking, shipping, and fine goods production.


 * William of Orange**-A Protestant, William participated in several wars against the powerful Catholic king of France, Louis XIV, in coalition with Protestant and Catholic powers in Europe. Many Protestants heralded him as a champion of their faith. Largely because of that reputation, William was able to take the British crowns when many were fearful of a revival of Catholicism under James. William's victory over James at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 is still commemorated by the Orange Order. His reign marked the beginning of the transition from the personal rule of the Stuarts to the more Parliament-centred rule of the House of Hanover.


 * Spanish Netherlands**- Spanish-held provinces in the southern Low Countries (roughly corresponding to modern Belgium and Luxembourg). In 1578 the diplomat Alessandro Farnese was sent to represent Spain in the Netherlands, and by 1585 he had reestablished Spanish control over the southern provinces, ending the union with the northern provinces that followed the Pacification of Ghent. In the 17th century the region saw a resurgence of economic and intellectual growth. As a buffer between Protestant and Catholic states, the region was the scene of constant warfare; areas were ceded to the Dutch Republic (1648) and France (1659). The territory began to decline in the late 17th century. Spanish control was lost after the War of the Spanish Succession, when the region passed to Emperor Charles VI and became the Austrian Netherlands.


 * Spanish Armada** - a fleet of 130 ships, formed to protect soldiers being ferried across the English channel to invade England. Met disaster against the British fleet, then later lost even more ships due to rough sees.


 * French Civil Wars**- Wars fought in France between the Catholics and the French Calvinists (Huguenots). Eventually the wars are resolved by Henry IV with the Edict of Nantes.


 * Catherine de Medici-B**orn 13 April, 1519; died 5 January, 1589. She was the daughter of Lorenzo de' Medici (II), Duke of Urbino, and Madeleine de la Tour d' Auvergne who, by her mother, Catherine of Bourbon, was related to the royal house of France.


 * St. Bartholomew Day Massacre-I**n 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations, followed by a wave of Roman Catholic mob violence, both directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants ), during the French Wars of Religion. Traditionally believed to have been instigated by Catherine de' Medici, the mother of King Charles IX, the massacre took place four days after the wedding of the king's sister Margaret to the Protestant Henry III of Navarre (the future Henry IV of France). This marriage was an occasion for which many of the most wealthy and prominent Huguenots had gathered in largely Catholic Paris.

2. Catholic King Henry III 3. Protestant Henry of Navarre (IV)- Calvinist, but a politique, said, "Paris is worth a mass" He was willing to be Catholic like 90% of the population to be King, killed by a Catholic radical. The second two teamed up and fled, then came back and retake France.
 * War of the Three Henry’s** - 1. Catholic Henry of Guise- Catholic League to protect France, he was assassinated


 * Henry IV** - "Henry IV of Navarre". Protestant/politique on outside in order to get support as the "price to rule France". Him and minister Bethune/Duke of Sully together lay foundations for absolutism in France for the first time. They control the nobles and lower peasants' taxes. His Duke of Sully did the following: reduced dept and added to treasury; taxed on noble titles who were previously exempt; subsidized company for trade with India; built highways and other architectural advances.


 * Edict of Nantes** - the edict of Nantes was a document issued by Henry the fourth of France in 1598 granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France. Henry's willingness to sacrifice religious principles to political necessity saved France. he converted to Catholicism but then had issued the edict.


 * Thirty Years War** - .The Holy Roman Empire consisted of tons of independent regions and states. The Peace of Augsburg began to deteriorate and leave tension all over Europe. Lutheran Princes form the Protestant Union and Catholic princes form the Catholic League in the agreement that neither should ever take religious or territorial advances. The argument between 2 officials thrown out of Ferdinand's house sparked controversy to whether they were murdered or not sparked a start to the war.


 * Bohemian Phase** -Catholics score victories under Albert of Wallenstein; divides the catholic forces. Involved a civil war in Bohemia characterized by the Protestant Union fighting against the Catholic League (Ferdinand II of CL). A major victory includes the 1620 Catholic League victory over the Protestants at the Battle of White Mountain.


 * Danish phase** - The catholic imperial army swept through Silesia, Baltic, and Pomerania. The Habsburg power increases in 1629. The Catholics arrive at their most difficult opponent yet in the war: Protestant Christian IV of Denmark.


 * Edict of Restitution** - .Persuaded by the Jesuits, the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire puts this edict in place that endows all Catholic properties previously lost or taken away by the Protestants must be given back and restored. Only Catholics and Lutherans allowed to practice their faith int he confounds of the Holy Roman Empire.


 * Swedish Phase** - Swedish Gustavus Adolphus and his army arrives in Germany in 1630- Devout Lutheran General. Adolphus fights ruthlessly against the Catholics and wins 2 battles vs the Habsburgs but dies unfortunately in the 3rd battle, which leads right into the French phase.


 * French phase** - This phase occurs to prevent the Habsburg's army from retaliating after Adolphus's death in the Swedish phase (3rd battle). During this phase, war is declared on Spain also.


 * Treaty of Westphalia** - .1) Saves Peace of Augsburg- finally ending the religious wars. 2) recognizes the independent authority of over 300 German princes/nobles. 3) reconfirms limited authority of emperor and papacy has now power or influence in Germany. 4) Calvinism is added as a legally permissible and practicable faith/creed. 5) North Germany= Protestant; South Germany= Catholic-devouted.


 * Oliver Cromwell** - Leader of the Parliament army that defeated king Charles I, he later took over England and called a protectorate over it. Took England closest to an absolutist state as any other leader had ever done.


 * New Monarchs**-This solution was regarding the new monarchies of Europe in 15th century. They kept the administrative unity of their countries. The monarchs in Western Europe were successful. The rulers in central and Eastern Europe were weak.


 * Louis XI**- "spider king," son of Charles VII, He strengthened the army created by his father and attacked burgundy and inherited several other provinces/territories.


 * Francis I** - French king who sold offices and future tax exemptions to get money quick because Hapsburg-Valois War was costing France a lot of money


 * Taille**- Land tax instituted by Charles VII to strengthen royal finances in 1453. D irect tax of the pre-Revolutionary monarchy in France.Clergy and nobles were exempt from it, making it one of the hated institutions of the ancient régime.


 * Concordat of Bologna, 1516** - gave up first church income of the year from new bishops and abbots, to the pope. In return gave power of choosing French Bishops and Abbots to the king/ruler.


 * Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges** - Catholicism becomes the state religion


 * Henry VII**- King of England who remains at peace over the course of his reign. He focuses on building England's business and economic power.


 * Star Chamber**- **It** was an English court of law that sat at the royal Palace of Westminster until 1641. It was made up of Privy Councillors, as well as common-law judges and supplemented the activities of the common-law and equity courts in both civil and criminal matters. The court was set up to ensure the fair enforcement of laws against prominent people, those so powerful that ordinary courts could never convict them of their crimes. Court sessions were held in secret, with no indictments, and no witnesses. Evidence was presented in writing. Over time it evolved into a political weapon, a symbol of the misuse and abuse of power by the English monarchy and courts.


 * Ferdinand and Isabella** - the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile in 1469 brought most of the Iberian peninsula under one monarchy although different parts of Spain retained distinct cultures, languages, and legal systems. in 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella conquered Granada, where most people were Muslim, and expelled the Jews from all of Spain. Spanish Jews resettled in cities of Europe and Mediterranean that allowed them in including many in Muslim states such as the ottoman empire. Muslims were also expelled from Spain over the course of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. although Ferdinand and Isabella pursued a common foreign policy until about 1700 Spain existed as a loose confederation of separate kingdoms, each maintaining its own parliament, laws, courts, and systems of coinage and taxation.


 * Reconquista** - The retaking of Spain from the Muslims in the South. Ended with the taking of Granada


 * Hermandades** -


 * Hapsburgs** - Ruling family of Austria (and Holy Roman Empire)


 * Holy Roman Empire**- located around the same territory as present day Germany. Nobles and princes controlled certain areas while the Hapsburg where the rightful kings/queens.


 * Commercial Revolution** -


 * “God, glory, gold”** - The reasons countries wanted to expand their colonial empires: They wanted to convert the "savage" natives to Christianity, individuals wanted to bring glory and power to the mother country as well as to themselves, and Countries wanted more gold and silver in their national treasury to continue the mercantile policies of the colonial era.


 * Age of Discovery** -. time from the very end of the 15th century to around the 18th century in which new lands all around the globe were being discovered or further explored.


 * Age of Expansion** - Obviously, this is a time where the European countries expanded their lands. They sent out explorers to conquer and claim lands for their own, and used the different crops and resources on the islands to improve their country. It is basically the same thing as the Age of Discovery.


 * Age of Reconnaissance**-The Age of Reconnaissance, as J. H. Parry has so aptly named it, was the period during which Europe discovered the rest of the world. It began with Henry the Navigator and the Portuguese voyages in the mid-fifteenth century and ended 250 years later when the "Reconnaissance" was all but complete. Dr. Parry examines the inducements—political, economic, religious—to overseas enterprises at the time, and analyzes the nature and problems of the various European settlements in the new lands.


 * Leaf Ericson** - A viking lord credited with the honor of being the first to discover America (Newfoundland technically).


 * Prince Henry the Navigator** - sponsored navigation of Africa, people needed money for exploration, set up schools to educate people about exploration.


 * Bartholomew Dias** - first European to sail past the southern most part of Africa (Cape of Good Hope) plagued by storms, mutiny, died going back.

1st Count of Vidigueira, was a Portuguese explorer, one of the most successful in the Age of Discovery and the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India.
 * Vasco de Gama**- first person to sail from Europe to India, established trading posts, became Portuguese viceroy of India.


 * Amerigo Vespucci**- 6 voyages to the South American coast, the Amazon, names the Americas, makes the first map of the South American coast. Realized that what he was looking at was a new continent.


 * Christopher Columbus** - landed on the Bahamas (believed he was near the India), never actually landed on America


 * Bartolome de las Casas**- wrote a short account of the destruction of the Indies, father of anti-racism, stood up for Indians (no slaves), advocate of the African slave trade. W as a 16th-century Spanish historian, social reformer and Dominican friar.


 * Treaty of Tordesillas** - the treaty of tordesillas was made June 7, 1494. it was an agreement between Spain and Portugal. it was made to settle conflicts over discovered land. Spain and Portugal separated all remaining land in the western hemisphere by an imaginary line call the line of demarcation. everything east of the line belonged to the Portugal and everything west of the line belonged to Spain.


 * Ferdinand Magellan**- Portuguese navigator and explorer who sailed for both Portugal and Spain. He sailed around South America, discovering the Strait of Magellan, and across the Pacific. Though he was killed in the Philippines, one of his ships continued westward to Spain, accomplishing the first navigation of the Earth.

“**Old Imperialism”** - Countries (like Portugal) would take over seaside cities, ports and forts for place to stop on journey to and from India


 * “Golden Age of Spain”** - A brief period of time where Spain had amassed a huge treasure supply from gold and silver mines in their new colonies. The Spanish Golden Age was brief because the Spanish monarchs had foolishly squandered their wealth, Spain's business economy was nonexistent, and the Spanish monarchs defaulted on all of their debts thereby destroying Spain's credit.


 * Dutch East India Company**- A Dutch shipping corporation that sailed ships to what is modern day Indonesia to buy spice and sell it for massive profits back in Europe.


 * Technological advances allowing** -


 * exploration** - this is what inspired countries to expand their empire. Without exploration and competition, the world as we know it would be the same as it started. Exploration caused Columbus to sail to America; Marco Polo across Asia, and Cortex to conquer the Aztecs. It is a very important part of history.


 * Columbian Exchange** - the migration of people to the new world led to the exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the old and new worlds. European immigrants to the Americas wanted the diet with which they were familiar so they searched so they searched for climatic zones favorable to those crops. Columbus had brought sugar plants on his second voyage, Spaniards also introduced rice and bananas for the canary islands, and the Portuguese carried these items to Brazil. Spanish and Portuguese brought and raised wheat with labor provided by the encomienda system.


 * Smallpox** -the major death cause in the new world was disease. having little or no resistance to diseases brought from the old world the inhabitants of the new world fell victim to smallpox. another factor was overwork. unaccustomed to forced labor especially in the blistering heat of tropical cane fields or in dank and dangerous mines native workers died in staggering numbers. malnutrition and hunger lowered resistance to disease. smallpox is a puss filled blister or pock, that can come in many numbers, and cover all of the body's surfaces.


 * Potato**- adoption of the potato was long hampered by belief that they were unfit for human consumption and potentially poisonous. potatoes belong to the deadly nightshade family and both contain poison in its leaves and stems. it took time and persuasion for these plants to win over tradition minded European peasants who used potatoes mostly as livestock feed. during the eighteenth century enlightenment scientists and doctors played an important role in popularizing the nutritive benefits of the potato. potatoes helped many people get through the food shortages because the potato would grow in harsh conditions and had good proteins and vitamins, and came in various delicious kinds.


 * Witch hunts** -increasing persecution for witchcraft actually began before the reformation in the 1480's but it became especially common about 1560, and the mania continued until roughly 1660. religious reformers extreme notions of the devil powers and the insecurity created by the religious wars contributed to this increase. both Protestants and Catholics tried and executed witches with church officials and secular authorities acting together. nearly all pre-modern societies believe in witchcraft and make some attempts to control witches who are understood to be people who use magical forces. the essence of witchcraft was making a pact with the devil. witches were no longer simply people who used magical power to get what they wanted but rather people used by the devil to do what he wanted. witches were thought to engage in wild sexual orgies with the devil, fly through the night to meetings called sabbats that parodied christian services and steal communion wafers and unbaptized babies to use in their rituals. witches became the ultimate heretics, enemies of god. trials involving this new notion of witchcraft as diabolical heresy began in Switzerland and southern Germany in the late fifteenth century became less numerous in the early decades of the reformation when protestants and Catholics were busy fighting each other and then picked up again in about 1560. women were a major percent of the people being executed, they were usually older women who were unmarried.

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