WWI


 * Three Emperor’s League:** an uneasy alliance between the emperors of Russia, Germany and Austria. The league ended because of conflicts between Austria and Russia over the Balkans.


 * Black Hand** - A group of Serbian nationalistic terrorists. Their most notable achievement was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.


 * Triple Entente-** This was the alliance of Great Britain, France, and Russia. France got Russia to ally with them after William II of Germany did not renew peace terms with Russia. Britain was compelled to join after the First Moroccan Crisis in 1905, seeing Germany as a threat and a bully that needed to be subdued.


 * Trench warfare** - Type of fighting behind rows of trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Hundreds of thousands died by trench warfare on the western front, but no real gains were made by it. No Man's Land was the area in between two enemy lines, named because it was practically impossible to cross without getting shot at.


 * Lusitania** - The British passenger liner that was sunk by a German submarine. It's largest effect was that it began to turn U.S. public opinion firmly against the German Empire.


 * Total war** - A war when distinctions between soldiers on the battlefield and civilians at home are blurred. The government plans and controls the economic social life in order to supply armies with supplies and weapons. Eventually, total war took its toll on civilians at home, and was the cause of much antiwar sentiment in the later years. Total War was an effort in the country as a whole usually directed by a single leader that directed all resources towards the success of war. As stated above, this effort was very rough on the public's home life as it took massive amounts of resources which in turn created poverty and a lack of food and jobs at home.


 * War Raw Materials Board** - Board set up in Germany by Walter Rathenau, designed to ration and distribute raw materials. The board launched new synthetic materials like rubber and nitrates. Also it rationed food based on physical need.


 * League of Nations** - Desire by Woodrow Wilson. A permanent organization designed to protect its members from aggression and to avert further wars. Later, Wilson rejected any compromise about the treaty, and inadvertently made it so the US would never join the League of Nations.


 * Petrograd Soviet:** Huge, mass meeting of 2-3 thousand workers, soldiers, and socialist intellectuals acted as a parallel government to the provisional government, issued their own radical orders.


 * Army Order No. 1:** Petrograd Soviets' most famous radical edict, stripped army officers of authority, gave power to elected committees of common soldiers, led to collapse of army discipline.


 * Bolsheviks** - This was the group of follows of Lenin and Trotsky that began around the time of the Russian Revolution. They supported the idea of "bread, pace, and land" and were commonly the group that aided in the revolts of the time.


 * Constituent Assembly:** An Assembly, usually composed of government officials that drafts a constitution for the better of the country as a whole.


 * War communism:** The application of centralized state control during the Russian cibil war, in which the Bolsheviks seized grain from peasants, introduced rationing, nationalized all banks and industry, and required everyone to work.
 * Cheka:** Russia's fearsome Bolshevik secret police that supressed all counter revolutionaries, imprisoned and executed thousands of suppossed enemies of all classes, including the tsar and family. This Red Terror lasted from 1918-1920.


 * Treaty of Versailles:** The 1919 peace settlement that ended war between Germany and the Allied powers.
 * Balfour Declaration:**


 * Nicholas II** - last Russian emperor


 * Revolution of 1905:**


 * October Manifesto: issued by Nicholas II that turned Russia into a constitutional monarchy.**


 * Vladimir Lenin:** A Russian revolutionary who promised "bread land and peace" to the Russian People. leader of the Bolsheviks.


 * Mensheviks** - Lenin's opponents, means "minority group"


 * Leon Trotsky: helped Lenin seize power, convinced the Petrograd Soviet to form a military-revoltionary committee and appoint him leader of the committee--military power in the capital now belonged to the Bolsheviks. They then seized government buildings and went to the Congress of Soviets and declared all the power had passed to the soviets and named Lenin their leader (all under Trotsky's orders). He later became War Commissar of the Red Army.**


 * February Revolution** - unplanned uprisings accompanied by violent street demonstrations begun in march 1917 in Petrograd, Russia, that led to the abdication of the tsar and the establishment of a provisional government.


 * Rasputin:** Rasputin was the most trusted advisor of Tsarina Alexandra. He was a uneducated Siberian priest who was somehow able to cease the bleeding of the tsar and tsarina's hemophiliac son. When Nicholas II left to rally troops and left his wife in charge, Alexandra got rid of many loyal and trustworthy advisors and relied on Rasputin to help make decisions. This made the tsar and his family's image look even worse than it was, so an assassination was planned. Rasputin was poisoned, beaten on the head, and shot, but when those methods did not kill him he was thrown in a lake and drowned to death.


 * Provisional Government:**


 * April Theses** -


 * October Revolution:**


 * Red Army: The Army of the Soviet Union, well supplied and well lead, it managed to defeat the rival factions within post-war Russia to unify the Soviet Union. Headed by Trotsky.**


 * Reds: communists and Bolsheviks**


 * Whites: Officers from the old army who organized in Southern Russia, Ukraine, Siberia, and West of Petrograd. Many different social background untited by hatred of communism**