Imperialism




 * Old Imperialism”-** a term given to the period of European imperialism from the 1600s to the 1800s (mostly in the new world). The technique of old imperialism involved taking over land by force. The people were motivated by Gold Glory, and God, and they would primarily use these territories for the crops provided.


 * “New Imperialism”-** the late-nineteenth-century drive by european countries to create vast political empires abroad. Countries did this by setting up trade stations and politically dominating an entire area.


 * DR. David Livingston** - Missionary/Explorer who tried to find the source of the Nile (unsuccessful)


 * Great White Walls:** Discriminatory laws designed to keep Asians out of America and Australia. Europeans felt threathened by the Asian migrants' search and aquirement of jobs, and demanded these laws to stop the Asians from migrating to their country.


 * H.M Stanley- Ambassador by Leopold II to the Congo to make treaties with native tribes over territory. (also said the famous line "Dr. Livingston I presume?")**


 * Social Darwinism (how it fits in this chapter)-** Based on Darwinism, Social Darwinism uses the Evolutionary concepts found in Darwinism and applies them to economic and political beings and events, causes and effects caused by different groups. This belief uses the theory that the better of politicians and people will surface in the end.


 * “White Man’s Burden”-** poem by Kipling about how white men were supposed to take care of "uncivilized" people because they were better than them. Helping the "uncivilized" people could be seen through the works of missionaries and through the white man's intervention in economic and political issues. In India, the "white man's burden" was also extended to the "white woman's burden," which was white women trying to help the Indian women to make westernized gains.

was an English short-story writer, poet, and novelist chiefly remembered for his tales and poems of British soldiers in India, and his tales for children. He was born in Bombay, British India, and was taken by his family to England when he was five years old.
 * Rudyard Kipling-**writer of the poem "The White Man's Burden"


 * “Scramble for Africa”** - Before 1880, only about 10% of Africa was occupied by Europeans. With New Imperialism rapidly rising, countries rushed to plant their flag on the inland countries, in order to expand their empires.


 * Belgian Congo**- Area taken over by Leopold only if he allowed free trade


 * Leopold II** - Conquest for control in the Congo. After the Berlin Conference, he was rewarded the Congo on the condition that he would allow free trade to all nations. Leopold II is credited with starting the scramble for Africa.


 * Egypt, protectorate**- The protectorate of Egypt is the term that describes Egypt under British rule. The British did not take direct military control of Egypt because such an action would result in insurrection among the Egyptian populace. Rather they took control of Egyptian Finances.

1. Leopold II could keep the Congo if he traded freely with all nations 2. The slave trade in Africa was to be ended 3. All claims to land can only be affirmed by effective military occupation.
 * Berlin Conference 1884-1885** - A meeting of European leaders held in 1884 and 1885 in order to lay down some basic rules for imperialist competition in sub-Saharan Africa.


 * Battle of Omdurman**- British cut down 11,000 Muslim tribesman with machine guns, only 28 Britains killed. A massacre. All of Africa couldn't compete with Europe's superior miliatary force


 * Fashoda Incident** - French controlled land north of the Nile River the British wanted, there was a threat of war, the French backed down, and the British took over. Powers didn't fight each other, not worth a great European War


 * Cecil Rhodes**- English-born South African businessman, mining magnate, and politician. He was the founder of the diamond company De Beers, which today markets 40% of the world's rough diamonds and at one time marketed 90%. He was an avid believer in English colonialism and the thought of a secret society uniting the ruling powers of the world. He set up the Rhodes Scholarship program in order to unite the future leaders.He also had the territory Rhodesia named after him because of his exploits in South Africa.


 * Cape Colony** - Area which is now South Africa and Swaziland that was originally owned by the Boers (or Afrikaners) but was forcibly taken by Britain. Afrikaners were of Dutch descent.


 * Boer War**- Where two wars fought during 1880–1881 and 1899–1902 by the British Empire against the Dutch settlers of two independent Boer republics, the Orange Free State and the Transvaal Republic.


 * Opium Wars**- For centuries, China had been self-sufficient. With expanding imperialistic goals in the west, Britain wanted to trade with China. They grew opium, an addicting drug, in India legally, and smuggled it into China. Chinese government sent Lin Zexu to deal with the crisis. He dealt harshly with Chinese men who purchased opium. Britain turned to their troops in India and seized coastal cities in China, forcing them to make a trade agreement. After the Treaty of Nanking, China was still unhappy. Between 1856-1860, a second round of attacks occurred Europe once again was victorious, and it gave them even more power and dominance over China


 * Treaty of Nanking**- This happened after British used their Indian troops to capture coastal cities in China. It forced China to give Britain the island of Hong Kong, pay $100 million, and open four cities to unlimited foreign trade, with low tariffs. The island of Hong Kong remained under British rule until it was given back to the Chinese on July 1, 1997.


 * “spheres of influence”** - This is an area where a country has political or economic influence in their imperialistic empire. The imperial country uses this "sphere" to stimulate its own economy through trade, show the power of the country, and to increase nationalism.


 * British East India Company** - First control by Great Britain in the conquered and controlled India. Used to bring back raw materials and spices to Britain; began the actual imperial conquest of India in the first place after old imperialism was failing.


 * Boxer Rebellion**- Boxers were citizens of China who blamed China's ills on the foreigners (Europeans). They felt that the foreign missionaries were undermining the Chinese reverence for their ancestors. The Boxers violently rebelled, encouraged by the Qing court, and several thousand Chinese Christians were killed. Foreign governments responded by creating an international force of twenty thousand soldiers to rescue their diplomats and punish the Boxers.


 * Russo-Japanese War**- War between Russia and Japan over Manchuria (China). Russia lost which was an embarrassment to Europe because a Non-European country had never won a war against a European power until this war


 * J.A. Hobson** - "Imperialism"- believed that colonization was due to the needs of unregulated capitalism and that imperial possessions didn't even pay off economically for the country as a whole. Anti-imperialistic. Said that the quest for an empire = neglect of domestic affairs at home.