Age+of+Nationalism

===**Red Shirts-** A guerrilla army led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, who invaded Sicily to try and liberate it. They tried to attack Rome but was stopped by Cavour, who was afraid that an attack of Rome would begin upheaval in France of the supporters of the church.===

===**modernization-** The changes that enable a country to compete effectively with the leading countries at a given time, Russia and the Ottoman Empire realized they needed to modernize. Russia realized this after their loss of the Crimean War===

===**zemstvo- Founded by Alexander II; Designed as a local Russian government, increased liberalism in Russia. It was government by mostly nobles, who were fooled into thinking they had power. In truth, the nobles didn't have any real power, as Alexander II had rein over them.**===

===** Bloody Sunday- Peaceful Russian protesters were gathered in St. Petersburg, to present the Tsar with a petition in 1905. They felt the tsar wanted to help them and would listen, instead the tsar's troops started to open fire, killing and wounding hundreds. This led to a revolution that overturn absolutist tsarist rule and made Russia into a conservative constitutional monarchy. After this, the Russian peasants are lost to the Tsar and this opens the door for the larger Russian Revolution later. Massacre turned ordinary workers against the tsar and produced a wave of general indignation. **===

===**Reichstag- The popularly elected lower house of government of the new German Empire after 1871. Bismark used National liberals to support his legislature and legal unification of the country- parliament jumped at the opportunity to show that they did have power. In reality, Reichstag had no power really because the kind could veto everything they passed, so he had all the power still. But it looked like the people were represented which calmed them down, knowing they could vote.**===

===**Kulturkampf- meaning "Struggle for civilization" Bismark's attack on the Catholic Church because of Pope IX's declaration of papal infallibility. Wisely, Bismarck withdrew this attack on the Catholic church because it alienated the large Catholic population in Southern Germany. In its place, Bismarck put a high tarrif on foriegn grain into affect. Not only did this keep more money in the German Economy but it also gave Bismarck the support of the Catholics in the South (As they were primarily farmers).**===

===**Dreyfus Affair- The case in which Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish Captain in the French army, was falsely accused and convicted of treason. The case split France, one side of anti-Semites and the other was civil libertarians and radical republicans. After Dreyfus was declared innocent, France cut all ties between the state government and the Catholic Church**===

===** People’s Budget - The proposition to increase social welfare spending; presented to the House of Lords by the House of Commons but rejected. It was aimed at appeasing the lower classes and socialist thinkers. **===

===Zionism-movement toward Jewish political nationhood started by Theodor Herzl. Zionism avocated, from inception, tangible as well as spiritual aims. Jews of all persuasions - left and right, religious and secular - joined to form the Zionist movement and worked together toward these goals. Disagreements led to rifts, but ultimately, the common goal of a Jewish state in its ancient homeland was attained.===

=== **revisionism -** An effort by various socialists to update Marxian doctrines to reflect the realities of the time. The belief of revisionism was popular everywhere, and well-known revisionists were Eduard Bernstein and Jean Jourés. ===

=== **revolution of 1905**- Russia had a sphere of influence in Manchuria and eyeing North Korea, Japan protested, surprise attacked Russia, and won. First time a European country loses a war to a non-western country. ===

=== **Crimean War-** 1853-1856, Russia disputed with France over who should protect certain Christain shrines in the Ottoman Empire, fighting in the Crimean peninsula on the Black Sea, Russia's weak transportation failed to supply their troops, France and Great Britain beat Russia badly. ===

=== **Florence Nightingale-** A British woman who went to the Crimean Peninsula to reform the Army hospitals there. She starts what is now modern day nursing, she and her fellow women are known as the "light brigade". She also founds the Red Cross. ===

=== **Second French Empire -** the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France. Encouraged investing and construction, while implementing large public works projects. Businesses, wages, and employment rose as a result. Granted workers rights to form unions and strike- very liberal. Assembly had more powers given to them and the new constitution moved France toward a more nationalistic state. ===

===**Napoleon III**- The man who was elected Emperor of France. Revived the French nation and healed many social and economic issues, but all his work was undone when the French army and nation was shattered in defeat by the Prussians, and Napoleon III himself was captured.===

===__**King Victor Emmanuel** -__ The King of Sardinia-Piedmont who combined with the French under Napoleon III to attempt to drive Austria out of Italy and unify the northern half of the peninsula; only retrieved Lombardy for his efforts.===

===**Count Cavour**.- the dominant figure in the Sardinian government from 1850-1861. Came from a noble family and made substantial fortune in business before he got into politics. he sought unity only for the states of norhtern and central Italy in a greatly expanded kingdom of Sardinia. Count Camillo Cavour (1810-1861) was prime minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia from 1852 to 1859 and from 1860 to 1861. He played a leading part in the unification of Italy. In 1859, under his leadership, Sardinia with the help of France fought a war with Austria. When the war ended Sardinia annexed the province of Lombardy. This inspired patriots in central and southern Italy to overthrew their rulers. With Cavour's support, southern and most of central Italy united with Sardinia in 1860. This was the beginning of the unification of Italy. Mazzini and Garabaldi also had leading roles to play in the unification of Italy.===

===**Giuseppe Garibaldi- A superpatriot raised by his father (a poor sailor). Personified the romantic, revolutionary nationalism and republicanism of Mazzini and 1848. In 1860 her emerged as an independent force in Italian politics.** Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1807-1882) The foremost military figure and popular hero of the age of Italian unification known as the Risorgimento with Cavour and Mazzini he is deemed one of the makers of Modern Italy. Cavour is considered the "brain of unification," Mazzini the "soul," and Garibaldi the "sword." For his battles on behalf of freedom in Latin America, Italy, and later France, he has been dubbed the "Hero of Two Worlds." Born in Nice, when the city was controlled by France, to Domenico Garibaldi and Rosa Raimondi, his family was involved in the coastal trade. A sailor in the Mediterranean Sea, he was certified a merchant captain in 1832. During a journey to Taganrog in the Black Sea, he was initiated into the Italian national movement by a fellow Ligurian, Giovanni Battista Cuneo. In 1833 he ventured to Marseilles where he met Mazzini and enrolled in his Giovane Italia or Young Italy. Mazzini had a profound impact on Garibaldi, who would always acknowledge this patriot as "the master."===

===**Otto von Bismarck- Led as minister of Prussia; commissioned by William I. Allied with Austria to take Danish territory but then turned against and crushed the Austrians, yet gave no war reparations. Afterwards, Bismarck nudged a war with France, destroying them and leaving both North and South Germany running to his arms to create the first united New German Confederation.**===

===“**blood a****nd iron”** - from the Speech that Bismark gave saying that "The great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and resolutions but by blood and iron". Bismark is saying that the only way to get things done is through "blood and iron" or wars. "might makes right."===

===**Prussian-Danish War, 1863**- Germany & Austria defeated Denmark and took control of the provinces of Schleswig and Holstein. Afterwards, Prussia (New Germany) turned on Austria and destroyed them, leaving no war reparations as a generous "two irons in the fire" message. Later, when attacking France, the French did not get support from Austria because of this. ===

===**Austro-Prussian War, 1866- The Seven Weeks War, decided by Prussian rail and needle gun. The Battle of Koniggratz ended the war when the majority of the Austrian army was mauled by two Prussian Army Groups. Kicked Austria out of Germany permanently, and resulted in the 1867 Ausgleich, which created the Dual Monarchy.**===

===**Franco-Prussian War, 1870-71- Bismark wanted to start a patriotic war with France so that South Germany would unite. As soon as war started, Bismark gained the full support of the south German states who by the end of the war agreed to join a new German Empire. As a result of the war, France had to pay the equivalent of five billion dollars of war reparations in addition, France was also forced to give the affluent region of Alsace and Lorraine to the German Empire**===  