Reformation

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Terms: ID the following terms. Include any and all information that you feel is relevant to the term. If possible identify any other IDs your term is related to.


 * Thomas More, Utopia**- work of fiction and political philosophy by Thomas More published in 1516. English translations of the title include A Truly Golden Little Book, No Less Beneficial Than Entertaining, of the Best State of a Republic, and of the New Island Utopia (literal) and A Fruitful and Pleasant Work of the Best State of a Public Weal, and of the New Isle Called Utopia The book, written in Latin, is a frame narrative primarily depicting a fictional island society and its religious, social and political customs.


 * Francois Rabelais, Gargantua and Pantagruel** -


 * Michel De Montaigne, the essay** -


 * William Shakespeare**- English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616).


 * Flemish Style** - A style of oil painting prominent in Belgium and the Netherlands. The style consists of creating a painting by placing thick layers of oil paint over previous layers (usually consisting of 9-12 layers)


 * Jan van Eyck**- famous painter, not many paintings made it.


 * Borsh** -


 * Fugger Family** - A powerful German banking family. (Much like the Medici Family in Florence)


 * Simony** - The sale of ecclesiastical offices. Not gained by merit or performance, simply through money.


 * Pluralism** - The term for bishops who held more than one bishopric. They often only stayed within one bishopric, or never visited any at all.


 * Nepotism** -


 * Absenteeism** - The practice of priests and bishops not fulfilling the obligations of their church position. This is often related to Pluralism because if one was the bishop of two or more diocese one would not be able to attend all of the churches and cathedrals under their control.


 * Sale of indulgences**- Indulgences were documents issued by the Catholic Church which lessened time in Purgatory.


 * Clerical ignorance** - low education levels in clergy (not enforced), Less of a problem in the North, Priests can't read or write, problem: Humanism had caused some of the laity to be better educated in Latin than the priests


 * Martin Luther** - The man who instigated the Protestant Reformation. believed in "Faith alone, Grace alone, Scripture alone"


 * On Christian Liberty** - written by Martin Luther in the spawn of the Protestant Reformation, it included what he found to be wrong with the catholic church as he described and attacked it in detail. He explains that faith alone, not with good works, is god's will. Written in a letter format to the people of France.


 * 95 Thesis** - Martin Luther's outcry against the sale of indulgences, the ad campaign operated by Johann Tetzil at the behest of Bishop Albrecht of Mainz.


 * On the Jews and Their Lies** - This document, written by Luther, condemns the jews, saying that their synanogues and schools should be set on fire, houses should be destroyed, prayer books and writings should be confiscated, and their rabbis should not be allowed to teach. Luther's view was not representative of the entire protestant population, because the only reason Luther said this was over a disagreement about text. The Jews would not accept the New Testement, which said that Jesus had already risen from the grave. The Jews did not believe that Jesus was the messiah, but only a mere prophet. Because of this belief, Jews are going against scripture and Luther's main saying is "faith alone, grace alone, scripture alone."


 * Against the Peasants** - This document basically slams the peasants for revolting against their leaders. They confused Luther's instructions to fight for what you want by rebelling against their public leaders. In doing this, they contradicted Luther's belief that authority must be respected, which is written in the bible. Since respecting authority is in the bible and the peasants did not respect the leaders, this is going against scripture.


 * Marriage and Celibacy** - Much debated topic. Celibacy is the idea of sex before marriage, and both Luther and Zwingli were very opinionated on it.


 * Johann Tetzil** - A famous marketer of indulgences who created a neat catchphrase: "When a coin in coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs!"


 * Johann Eck** -


 * “priesthood of all believes”** - The idea that Protestants held that a church is a priesthood of all believers. Each man can interpret the bible themselves, and every individual should serve God in their own calling.


 * Diet of Worms** - Passed in 1521 by Charles V, it forbade the teachings of Martin Luther. It was an attempt to keep people part of the Roman Catholic Church.


 * Confessions of Augsburg** - This is the authoritative statement of faith that the German protestants presented to Charles V. It discussed Luther's beliefs of faith, grace and scripture alone and free will and condemned certain Catholic practices, like indulgences, monastaries, and priesthood. The German princes agreed to this document, placing them on the side of the protestants, but Charles V refused to accept it.


 * Peasants’ War** - sparked by a misinterpretation of On Christian Liberty, by Martin Luther, peasants in many of the German states took up arms and tried to overthrow their local governments. These rebellions were quickly and brutally put down by the nobility.


 * Hapsburg-Valois War**- A protracted war between the Hapsburg empire and France. Neither had the resources to destroy the other; France was divided and the Hapsburgs were at war with the Protestant Germans and the Ottomans. In the end the Hapsburg family won and France paid minor concessions from part of their territory in Italy. In the long-term the Hapsburg family lost any chance of maintaining religious unity in their empire because of the French distraction.


 * Peace of Augsburg 1555** - The treaty that extended formal recognition to Lutherans, but not Calvinists, and would be a source of tension for the latter until the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia.


 * Anabaptists** - Group that believed Church and state should be separate, rebaptized themselves believing at birth you are sinless and once of adult age then you must be perged of your sins. Believed that the baptism after birth didn't count because the baby had no choice in what religion they believed in. The influence of the Anabaptists can be found in Pacifism, Baptists, Congregationalists and the U.S. Constitution.


 * Mennonites** -


 * Quakers** - A religion that was based on absolutely no religious intolerance and peace. The first Quakers were around the mid //1600//s and they attracted many people who were feeling repressed.


 * Ulrich Zwingli** - Believed Christian life rests on Scripture, Read from only the New Testament, was allowed to continue because he had support from city authorities, on Transubstantiation: Believed God is watching in spirit but the bread and wine is a memorial to Jesus


 * John Calvin** - A French cleric who, like Luther and Zwingli, believed that faith should be based on scripture alone. However, John Calvin also believed in predestination and the complete omnipotence and omniscience of God.


 * Institutes of the Christian Religion** -.

//**Catechism**//- A summary of doctrine, traditionally used in Christian religious teaching from New Testament times to the present.


 * Predestination** - The belief that at the beginning of time, god had decided the fate of every human who would ever exist: heaven or hell.


 * Geneva** - "a city that was a church", is called Protestant Rome, reformers of all nationalities flock there.


 * Michael Servetus**-


 * Protestant work ethic** -.


 * John Knox** - A scottish reformer, he was one of the key leaders in the Protestant Reformation. He started the popular religion //Presbyterianism//. This attracted thousands of people, for it taught social acceptance.


 * Presbyterianism**- A branch of Protestant Christianity that adheres to the Calvinist theological tradition and whose congregations are organized according to a Presbyterian polity. Presbyterian theology emphasizes the sovereignty of God, the authority of the Scriptures, and the grace through faith in Christ. Presbyterianism originated primarily in Scotland.


 * Huguenots** - The word for French Protestants.


 * Puritans** - People who wanted to purify the English Church of all Catholic traditions, beliefs etc. Members of a group of English Protestants who in the 16th and 17th centuries advocated strict religious discipline along with simplification of the ceremonies of the Church of England.


 * English Reformation** - When King Henry VIII broke away from the Pope and established him as the Supreme Head of the Church of England. Caused by personal, not religous, political, or economic reasons like the rest of Europe's reformation.


 * Henry VIII** - King of England, the Tudor Dynasty. Made himself the Supreme Head of the Church of England over the Pope so he could annul his marriage during the English Reformation. It was him that solely started the Protestant Reformation in England, for his own personal gains. Because of laws he passed, and even switching the country's religion a few times, he managed to cause civil strife and confusion among the vast majority of his citizens.


 * The Act in Restraint of Appeals** - (1533) Says the King is supreme sovereign and answers to no one, no judicial appeals to the pope (bishops can't challenge annulment to the pope)


 * The Act of Submission of the Clergy** - (1534) legalized Restraint of Appeals, Only the king can make laws of the church


 * The Wives of Henry VIII**- Had six wives. The first Catherine of Aragon, marriage annulled, had his first child Mary. His second wife Anne Boleyn, beheaded, had his second daughter Elizabeth. His third wife Jane Seymour, died from complications of child birth, had his only male heir Edward VI. Fourth Anne of Cleves, divorced. Fifth Katherine Howard, beheaded for cheating. Lastly, his sixth wife Katherine Parr the wife that outlived him.


 * Thomas Cranmer** - the Regent for Edward VI, Was the Archbishop of Canterbury, wrote the //Book of the Common Prayer// which was a book on what the new Anglican service would look like.


 * Church of England** - The Church that was established in England after Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church. Although the Anglicanism is considered a form of Protestantism it maintained much of the traditions and practices of the Catholic Church. The most notable difference between these two churches was that the Monarch was the head of the Church instead of the Pope or an archbishop.


 * Pilgrimage of Grace** - Henry VIII began closing the monasteries in England, which angered the devout Catholic peasants in the countryside. A multitude of people formed an army to march to York and demand that the monasteries be reinstated and that the Catholic church be allowed to keep their rights. Henry's army was not strong enough to fight this army of 30,000, so a peace agreement was arranged. After the army had returned to their respected places, Henry arranged for the leaders of the rebellion to be executed.


 * Edward VI** - Died ill, and young at the age of 15. Protestant. The only living male heir of King Henry VIII. England was full of economic problems and social unrest when he and his regents ruled.


 * Mary Tudor “Bloody Mary”** - Queen of England and Ireland. Devoutly Catholic, known for being bloody because of her persecution of Prostestant believers. Died beheaded.


 * Elizabeth I** - A politique, the Queen and Supreme govenor of the Church of England, people forced to attend church but able to worship as pleased, outlined the Anglican Church with 39 articles. Her reign era known as the Golden Age. Survived assassination attempts, fearing the Catholics coming, the wars in the low countries hurting English trade and the murder of William of Orange went against Spain. Watched their armada collapse.


 * Politique** - Rulers who put country before church, believing matters and the well being of state superseded matters of religion.


 * Elizabethan Settlement** -


 * Mary Stuart, Queen of the Scots**-


 * Angela Merici, Ursuline order of Nuns** - taught the women to be wives, educating them on Catholic faith (so they can teach their children) and mainly in Italy.


 * Catholic Counter Reformation** - Reforms enacted by the Catholic Church in response to both the Protestants and the corrupt clergy of the Renaissance. These reforms were put forward by Pope Paul III at the Council of Trent (detailed two terms down)


 * Pope Paul III** - under Paul III the papal court became the center of reform movement, The lives of the pope, cardinals, abbots and bishops became models of decorum and piety, Paul III supported improvements for education of clergy, ended simony and started stricter controls on clerical life


 * Council of Trent** - 2 goals: Reconcile with the Protestants (complete failure. because the Protestants wanted scripture alone, Catholic church refuses) and Reform the church (success), Bishops would HAVE to live in dioceses (eliminated pluralism and absenteeism), stopped policy of simony, educate clergy, someone would determine if you have a calling for the church (eliminated secular priests), marriage has to be in public and a priest must observe (had the biggest impact on the people), priests have to give up concubines (eliminated clerical immorality), bishop has to visit every church in his diocese (eliminated absenteeism and new reforms would be enforced and priests had to give education to the laity.


 * Jesuits** - Missionaries who spread Catholicism all over the world, would go where they are needed no matter what, were missionaries and educators, started Universities and schools all over Europe,. problem was that the people who were getting educated by Jesuits became governors or were part of a ruling family and people were threatened by the amount of power the Jesuits held.


 * Ignatius Loyola** - founder of Jesuits, wrote //Spiritual Exercises// which was training program of spiritual meditation to develop spiritual discipline and mend will with God.

Spanish Inquisition: started by Isabelle of Spain to eliminate non-completely converted Jews (or Conversos), was given permission by Pope Sixtus IV, the start of the belief that Jews could not convert because being a Jew was in their blood and was heritable, also the beginning of "Purity of blood" laws.
 * Spanish and Italian Inquisitions** - Italian Inquisition: called Holy Office, started to combat international doctrinal heresy, committee of 6 cardinals with judicial authority over all Catholics with power to arrest, imprison and executed suspected heretics.