Ideologies+and+Upheavals


 * Congress of Vienna:** meeting between the Quadruple Alliance (Russia, Prussia, Austria and Great Britain) to create a peace settlement and to restore France after the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. At first, the Congress was very kind to France by giving the boundaries from 1792 and no war reparations so the French were angry or revengeful after their defeat. (also restored the Bourbon monarchy)


 * liberalism**: The principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; liberals demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.


 * laissez faire**: A doctrine of economic liberalism that believes in unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.


 * nationalism**: .The idea that each people had its own genius and its own specific unity, which manifested itself especially in a common language and history, and often led to the desire for an independent political state.


 * socialism**: Began in France, started because some were bothered by the individualism and splitting of the community into fragments. wanted to move towards cooperation and sense of community. Ideas were economic planning, greater economic equality and state regulation of property. Two types of Socialism: French Utopian Socialism and Marxian Socialism. The big difference between the two is Utopian Socialism believes that the middle class would go out of their way to help the working class, Marxian Socialism believes that the middle class and the working class had opposite ideals and would clash, "the haves exploit the have-nots".


 * Romanticism**: A movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840's that was in part a revolt against classicism and the enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.


 * Sturm und Drang**: Early romantics called by the Germans (Storm and Stress)


 * Corn Laws, 1815**- British laws, revised in 1815, that prohibited the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people.


 * Great Famine**- This is the result of four consecutive years of potato crop failure in Ireland. It lead to increased starvation and epidemics among the population, decreased population growth, bad economy, increased unemployment, etc. The British government was slow to react towards this problem and continued to collect taxes and rent even though the peasants were obviously struggling, causing increased anti-Britain feelings.


 * Holy Alliance**- formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Russia, and Prussia. Became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements


 * Carlsbad Decrees, 1818** - provided press censorship and close supervision of universities in attempts of suppressing liberalism. ratified in 1848.


 * parasites** - court, aristocracy, lawyers, churchmen, Saint Simon said the parasites should let the economy be ran by the doers


 * doers** - leading scientists, engineers, industrialists, the actual workers who should be the ones in charge of running the economy


 * bourgeoisie -** wealthy middle class who owned the means of production, Marx says they exploited the working class


 * proletariat** - the industrial working class who were unfairly exploited (according to Marx)


 * Battle of Peterloo** - A protest that took place at Saint Peter's fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the corl laws; it was broken up by armed calvery


 * dual revolution** - term coined by Eric Hobsbawm used for the economic and political changes that tended to reinforce each other after 1815


 * conservatism** - reaction to liberalism, popular reaction of people frightened by violence and disorder of the French Revolution, supported by the nobility. Believed that only traditional monarchical institutions of government could maintain order and they were opposed to change


 * Klemens von Metternich**- foreign minister of Austria at the Congress of Vienna


 * German Confederation** (Bund)-


 * Concert of Europe Quadruple Alliance** - the conservative aristocratic monarchies of Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain that finally stopped and defeated Napolean and France.


 * Congress System** -


 * Tories- supported conservatism and the aristocracy/landowners**


 * Decembrist Uprising** -

“**iron law of wages**”- The idea that workers wages will continue to only be enough for them to survive. not enough money to buy any luxuries, but not too little that they starve to death.


 * John Stuart Mill, On Liberty** (1859) -


 * Greek Revolution Revolutions of** 1830 -


 * Louis Philippe**-


 * “Bourgeoisie King”** - Refers to Louis Philippe of France, because his government appealed only to the consevative middle class. The Government of Louis Philippe was slow, inefficient and utterly narrow-minded.


 * Guiseppe Mazzini**-


 * Whigs**- Political party in Great Britain that appealed to the liberal middle class as well as the lower classes. The reforms that the Whigs aimed to pass were often progressive pieces of legislation for the benefit of the working class.


 * Reform Bill of 1832** -


 * Factory Act of 1833**- This law broke apart the factory unit of family work, limiting hours of children nine and up and making the younger children go to a factor-run school. This law was passed to insure the safety of the children from the unsatisfactory working conditions. Because the family unit was now broken apart, parents did not have the convenience of instilling their morals and values to their young children. Instead, the kids are at the factory school being "brainwashed" with the government's principles.


 * Mines Act, 1842**- Prohibiting the underground work for all women and young boys, this act was a response to the lack of clothes that women wore around men while they worked. The upper classes saw that both genders would work topless and assumed they were promiscuous, which was unacceptable and not lady-like.


 * Chartists** -


 * Anti-Corn Law League**-


 * Revolutions of 1848:** -


 * Second French Republic** -

“**June Days” Revolution**-


 * Frederick William IV** -


 * Immanuel Kant** -


 * William Wordsworth** - A leading Romanticist writer and poet. Wordsworth was a highly emotional man, a trait which is expressed in his simplistic yet moving poetry.


 * Lord Byron**-


 * Grimm’s Fairytales** - A compilation of many less well known fairy tales and stories from village folklore in the German states. Many of theses fairy tales have been remade or retold and are still recognizable today, for example //Hansel and Gretel// and //Snow White.//


 * Victor Hugo** - French Romanticist, The son of a Napoleonic general who later became a much more liberal writer. He is considered one of France's greatest writers of all time, his works include //The Hunchback of Notre Dame//, //Les Miserable//, and many, many more.


 * Ludwig van Beethoven**- German Romanticist composer, who's work is marked by exuberance, dynamic changes in tempo and volume, and vibrant sound quality. Near the end of his life Beethoven was becoming deaf and considered suicide but he eventually overcame his grief and continued to compose despite a complete lack of hearing.


 * Peter Tchaikovsky** - Tchaikovsky was a Russian composer whom, in addition to symphonies and sonatas, is best known for his ballets. Among his most famous are //Swan Lake// and //The Nutcracker//.


 * Henry de Saint-Simon** -


 * Louis Blanc** -


 * Pierre Joseph Proudhon** -


 * Karl Marx**-


 * Friedrich Engels** -