The+French+Revolution

This is the power point that "goes" with your chapter 21. It might be a god idea to print this off and add notes to it as you read, or just use it as an extra resource/guide as to what you should know.
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here is the

**Louis XV**- took throne at age of 4; had duke of Orleans as minister to the crown; together, their reign allowed nobles to slip back into government positions and reassert themselves contrary to what Louis XIV had worked so hard to prevent. Also reinstated councils that Lous XIV dismissed, and tried to levy a general tax on everyone, which resulted in protest and was almost immediately dropped.

**Madame de Pompadour**- Madame de Pompadour was the most well-known mistress to Louis XV and was from the upper middle class (not a noble). Louis XV was known for not having much of a backbone, so he allowed Pompadour to influence him in his governmental decisions--especially foreign policy. She indirectly caused the Seven Years' War by convincing Louis to sign the Diplomatic Revolution, allying France with Austria. She was extremely unpopular, because the population believed she had a negative influence and too much power over Louis. Also, they disliked her non-noble status, because most mistresses of kings are from the royal court.

**Parlement** - Big step, whe Parlements regained their ancient right to evaluate royal decrees publicly before they were given force of law. They often opposed the king and gave caused him great inconvenience. When René de Maupeou became chancellor, he abolished existing parlements and created new, docile ones.

**René de Maupeou**- Chancellor to Louis XIV; abolished parliaments and exiled its members out of France. Afterwards, he created new "Maupeou" parliaments.

**Louis XVI**- Took the throne at 20. Reinstates Parlements, Very weak leader. Forced to call an Estates General. Calls 18,000 troops to Versailles to force Estates General to sit. Known as the people pleaser since he just wanted all his followers to like him. Because of this, many times, gave nobles back their ancient rights or previous governmental positions, giving them once again a voice in his court.

**Marie Antoinette**- queen of France; hated by the peasants. During the Parisian's women march to Versailles, they ransacked the palace in search of her to most likely kill her. The reason the peasants hated her so was because she embodied the Austro-French alliance, an agreement which had hobbled France for decades.

**First Estate**- The legal division of French society made up of the Catholic clergy. The clergy constituted less than 1% of the population, but it owned about 20% of French land. As far as privileges are concerned, the clergy paid no formal taxes (aside from a voluntary gift every five years).

**Gallican Church**- The church of France from 1682 to 1790. Gallicanism is the belief that monarchs should have separate power from the Pope over the church. Each country should be in joint control of the Pope and the monarch.

**Second Estate**- The legal division of French society made up of the hereditary nobility. The nobility constituted 2%-4% of the population and owned about 25% of the French land. The nobility also maintained ancient privileges or "Manorial Rights". Some of these rights include: the right to carry a sword, the right to hunt and fish exclusively, and the right to tax peasants for using town amenities.

**Third Estate**- 95% of the population. Consists up peasants and the small 3%ish bourgeoisie who argued for correct and fair political representation in the National Assembly.

**bourgeoisie**- the upper middle class. Liked to think of themselves as nobility although they were not legally considered nobles. They were, in many cases, equal socially and economically to the nobility. Part of the third estate and legally as equal as an average joe/commoner.

**Corvée**- Unpaid labor that was forced onto the lower-class citizens. It was the earliest and most widespread form of taxation.

**Lettre de cachet** - a letter signed by the king and by a secretary of state used primarily to authorize someone’s imprisonment. State lettres de cachet were sent by the government in the interests of society, either to maintain public order or to assure the proper functioning of institutions.

**ancient regime** - Literally “The old/ancient order” in French, this term refers to the old French absolute monarchy

**Jacques Necke**- was a French statesman of Swiss birth and finance minister of Louis XVI, a post he held in the lead-up to the French Revolution in 1789.

**Assembly of Notables**- comprised of noblemen, and high ranking clergy, needed approval of the Estates General to pass the 5% tax on all citizens for the King.

**Estates General**- the legislative body in prerevolutionary France made up of representatives of each of the three classes or estates, called in 1789, the first time since 1614.

**cahiers de doléances**- When France called the Estates General in the late 1780s in order to try and pass new tax reforms, voters were asked to contribute to the Cahiers de Doléances. These were lists of complaints which were compiled for each community and forwarded to the Estates General.

**Abbé Sieyés**- he wrote the pamplet "What is the Third Estate?" The third estate should have as many delagates as the first and second combined, people saw this belief as aristocratic conspiracy. Sieyes believed that France had a weak dictatorship, and that "The nobility was grossly overprivileged and that the entire people should rule the French nation." His motto was "confidence from below, authority from above." Sieyes wanted a strong military ruler.

**“Age of Montesquieu”** - This was the first phase of the French Revolution, including: tennis court oath, national assembly, etc.

**National Assembly**- the 1st French revolutionary legislature made of primarily representatives of the 3rd estate and some clergy and nobility from 1789-91; swore the Tennis Court Oath.

**Tennis Court Oath**- the National Assembly exists wherever they are gathered. The national assembly was the first and third estates in agreement. They were locked out of Versailles and the only place large enough for everyone to fit was a tennis court; therefor receiving the name of Tennis Court Oath. The oath pledged was that they would not disband until a constitution had been created.

**Storming of the Bastille**- due to a poor grain harvest and tariffs on bread the peasants decided to revolt. They wanted to gain arms to fight back the French army. Bastille being a former royal prison had guns and gun powder. The governor refused and ordered the guards to resist. As a result, the peasants tried to enter by force and 98 of them were killed. The prison finally surrendered and the governor was captured. His head was stuck on a pike and paraded through the streets. The next day, Marquis de Lafayette was appointed commander of the city's armed forces. This is important because after this Paris is lost to the King and saves the National Assembly.

**“Great Fear”**- This was a time during the French Revolution in which the peasants of the countryside feared a noble retaliation to their uprisings. They expected and feared a counterrevolution from the monarch and the aristocrats, so when rumors circulated about invasions of the king, Austria, and Prussia, the peasants organized militias. Some peasants attacked and burned manors, seized forests to hunt, and skipped taxes. In the end, all old privileges were abolished, like church tithes and feudal obligations, signaling a victory to the peasants. For the rest of the Revolution, the peasants focused on keeping what they have now gained instead of attempting to get more. Know- this was the end of feudal obligations.

**Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen**- Issued on August 27, 1789, it was strongly influenced by Rousseau and Locke. It was issued by the National Assembly, and it says that all men should be guaranteed their natural rights of liberty, property, security, and the right to resist oppression. It also states that all citizens must pay taxes, basically ridding France of the class system, the army must do good for ALL men, not just one class, and everyone should have freedom of speech and press. It explains sovereignty and that all men are innocent until proven guilty. (All of this is stated in seventeen points.) It is important to note that women were not included in this document, but this did inspire The Rights of Woman. There was one issue that was not answered in this document- How much power should be given to the king?

**Olympe de Gouges, The Rights of Woman**- Olympe do Gouges believed "women were born free and remain equal" and said so in her writing the declaration of the rights of women.
==== **Mary Wollstonecraft**- Mary Wollstonecraft was an independent (single), educated women. She was an advocate for equal rights for women, and inspired many womens rights movements. Not only was she a womens rights advocate but also supported the rights of all people who she thought were treated wrongly within their society due to class, or gender. Mary started off as a governess and a teacher, but later ended up as a translator and an author. She wrote many pieces such as a vindication of the rights of men and a vindication of the rights of women. Mary did many things such as fight for schools, equal right for all citizens, and change the way things are today. ====

**Vindication of the Rights of Women**- The vindication of the rights of Women was written by Mary Wollstonecraft. It was basically the women demanding that the National Assembly should give them (all citizens) equal rights, things like coeducation. Many women thought that a better education would lead to them being better wives and help them to raise their children the right way. This book led to a feminist movement, and it was more or less the birth of modern womens rights.


 * Madame de Stael- ** She was a prominant salon hostess, and had written a few books (most notable, //Letters on the Works and the Character of J.-J. Rousseau//). Basically, Stael was a well-known, politically-educated women during the French Revolution and she possessed enlightened ideas (like having a constitutionalist monarchy).

**Women’s march to Versailles**- (Also known as the Bread March) This march was sparked by angry women who wanted to feed their families. Bread prices, like everything else, were soaring. With the high prices of bread and the insane taxes, the women of the household could not provide their families with enough food. Since this was the main duty of women, they decided to revolt. Thousands of women marched to Versailles, demanding just bread prices. They stormed the palace, killing a few guards. In the end, they succeeded in moving the king and the parliament back to Paris, allowing the citizens to always know what decisions were being made and allowing them to take quicker action against decisions they did not agree with.

**Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 1790**- A Law passed that officially allowed the Roman Catholic Church to be owned by the French Government. Land owned by the Roman Catholic Church was also confinscated. It also completed the destruction of the monastic orders, legislating out of existence "all regular and secular chapters for either sex, abbacies and priorships, both regular and in commendam, for either sex", etc. It also sought to settle the chaos caused by the earlier confiscation of Church lands.

**“refactory clergy**’- the members of the clergy who refused to take the oath of loyalty to the constitution

**83 Departments**- The new organization of France into 83 provinces of equal size (by population)

**assignats**- New French currency that was printed and valued by using abbeys, monasteries, and clerical lands as collateral. This is significant because prior to the assignats the French government had no national currency and subsequently no national credit. The implementation of national currency meant that a financial crisis comparable to that of the ancien regime would not befall the new French republic.

**Flight to Varennes**- The attempt of King XVI and Marie Antoinette to escape Paris and potentially make it to Austria (her home country). They were caught and thrown in jail, later to be executed by guillotine.

**Edmund Burke**- Englishman, believed that the revolution and republicanism in France would only lead to more chaos and destruction of their nation. Edmund Burke also defended inherited privileges. Also he glorified the unrepresentative parliament, or the elite over the masses, commoners have no power.

**Thomas Paine, Rights of Man**- Rights of Man (1791), a book by Thomas Paine, posits that popular political revolution is permissible when a government does not safeguard its people, their natural rights, and their national interests. Using these points as a base it defends the French Revolution against Edmund Burke's attack in Reflections on the Revolution in France

**Legislative Assembly**-the new representative body that convened in Paris in 1791, they belonged to the Jacobin club, a political club that drew in men and women who debated the political question of the day. The assembly lasted for a year and served as a location for discussion and debate.

**Jacobins**- a political club in revolutionary France, members were well educated, radical republicans

**Girondins-** moderate republicans, fought for control of the French National Convention against the Mountain, they fear a dictator, 31 will be arrested and disbanded

**Declaration of Pillnitz**- The agreement reached by the Kings of Prussia and Austria to restore order in France, with force if need be.

**Émigrés**- Frenchmen, mostly aristocrats, who fled France in the years following the French Revolution of 1789.

**War of the First Coalition**- This was the counter-revolutionary crusade embarked upon by all the nations France had declared war on: Austria, Prussia, Holland, Spain, and Great Britain. The First Coalition was halted at Valmy.

**Brunswick Manifesto**- Proclamation decreed by Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, commander of primarily Austrian and Russian forces, that stated: if members of the French royal family were harmed, so would be the French civilians. It was intended to threaten France, but instead spurred the revolution futher.

**storming of the Tuleries**- 30,000 French citizens formed a mob, which stormed the Tuleries' Palace. King Louis XVI fled, with 300 guards and hid with family in a place outside of the Palace. The guards of the palace did not have orders from King Louis, they reacted by fighting with some crack shots out of their muskets. They realized their efforts were useless and gave up. The citizens stormed the castle and killed anyone who may have been associated with King Louis. 300 to 900 swiss guards were left. The mob were not able to find King Louis inside the Palace. However, they moved onto the Legislature, found the King there and his family there. The King was later arrested.

**Paris Commune** - This was the small government established after the storming of the Bastille that ruled in Paris from 1789 to 1795. They refused to take orders from the central French government, and it was primarily Jacobins. During the Storming of the Tuleries, the Commune agreed to help the weak Legislative Assembly in exchange for custody of the royal family.

**Georges-Jacques Danton**- The Jacobin Club was split into two competitive groups-the Girondists and the Mountain. Gerges-Jacques Danton and Robespierre led the Mountain.

**September Massacres** - Urban workers stormed into prisons where political prisoners were being held and murdered as many as they could lay hands on, believing them to be conspiring somehow with the Coalition invaders.


 * “Age of Rousseau” ** - He urged that young people should be able to see the the sunlight and exercise and play outside. He argued that children's education should be scheduled. A child should be able to grown up in this fashion to achieve the best possible development. Education should begin at home, also, parents should not preach to their children but set good examples,

**National Convention**-Emerging during the second revolution, the National Convention was led by Robspierre. The significance is that it was the first French assembly elected by universal male suffrage, ignoring the distinctions of class.

**Equality, Liberty, Fraternity**- The "calling card" of the French Revolution. Mountain- One of the Republican groups in the government. The Mountains believed that Louis being alive is a threat and want him exocuted. The Mountains were run by Robespiere and Danton. The Mountains feared royalists or conservatives.

**Sans-Culottes**- This group was the working poor of Paris. They were commonly the group who lead the large revolts--the storming of the Bastille, bread march, September Massacres, etc. They were basically against the rich people, and wanted the rich to have taxes, too. One maine concern was that they could always feed their families (primarily with bread). Basically, they are significant in the large and well-known revolts and uprisings, and are more radical than the other political parties.

**Enragés**- Any of a group of extreme revolutionaries in France in 1793, led by Jacques Roux and Varlet, who advocated social and economic measures in favor of the lower classes.
**Committee of Public Safety**- The Committee was formed to run the country in case of an emergency (Like how our President can issue executive orders) it is for when something needs to be done right away. Maximilien Robespierre-

**Law of Maximum**- This is the government control of the prices of French goods.

**Reign of Terror**- Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety used terror to assure complete allegiance to the French Republic. During the Reign of Terror anyone who could be considered an enemy of the state was arrested, in fact over 300,000 people were arrested during this dangerous time. 40,000 of these people were guillotined including Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. The Reign of Terror eventually came to an end during the Thermidorian Reaction in which Robespierre was executed after having many of his political adversaries killed.

**Law of Suspect**- a decree passed by the National Convention on 17 September 1793, during the Reign of Terror following the French Revolution. It marked a significant weakening of individual freedoms that led to "revolutionary paranoia" that swept the nation. It was a law that, as the name suggested, was based on the belief that it was acceptable to accuse people of crimes if there was suspicion toward them.


 * Vendée ** - a region in France that refused to recognize Napoleon during his exile and was loyal to Louis XVIII. 10,000 men of the army went in to vendee to pacify the region, due to a failed rebellion in 1832.

**Cult of the Supreme Being**- Form of deism established in France by Maximilien Robespierre during the French Revolution. It was intended to become the state religion of the new French Republic.

**“Temple of Reason”**- A Literal temple was created to house a new religion, vaguely resembling atheism. The objective was to abolish Christianity and replace it with a "Universal" Religion that all could use, and was also used to spread the ideas of the revolution.

**Thermidorian Reaction**- The reaction of the common man when Robespierre had all of the "Angry Men" exocuted. Then 2 weeks later, Danton. The commoners were afraid that Robespierre would turn on them so they marched him to the guillotine and made him watch as the blade fell.

**The Directory**: A Governing body of five men whom governed after the Terror between the times of 1795-1799. After the terror it was clear that France was in need of a more effective governing body, which the directory fit. They used a system of rigged voting and the army to reduce mobs and decrease unemployment.


 * Consulate Era- ** Napoleon's first five years after creating the first consul of the republic, from 1799-1804, during which he passed many reforms neutralizing any groups that may pose a threat to him. His reforms were seen as being absolutist in nature, making him that last and greatest absolutist.


 * plebiscite- ** A direct vote in which the entire electorate is invited to accept or refuse a proposal.


 * Napoleon Bonaparte- ** Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile-considered last and most enlightened despot


 * Consulate Period- ** (Enlightened Reform)-took power on Dec. 25, 1799 with the constitution giving supreme power to Napoleon


 * First Consul- ** Napoleon behaves more as an absolute ruler than a revolutionary statesman. He eventually is (with all the paper control he has) and he becomes the Emperor of France. This because then he won't have issues with the royal family of French history.

**Napoleonic Code**- French civil code promulgated in 1804 that reasserted the 1789 principles of the equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property as well as restricting rights accorded to women by previous revolutionary laws.

**Careers Open to Talent**-

**Concordat of 1801**- Napoleon made peace with the Catholic church signing with Pope Pius VII, French Catholics may practice freely, in return Napoleon gained political power, his government can nominate bishops, paid clergy, and exert influence over the church in France Bank of France- National bank of France, created in 1800 to restore confidence in the French banking system after the financial upheavals of the revolutionary period. **War of the Second Coalition**- (1799-1801)


 * Treaty of Lunéville- **After Napolean overthrew the Directory and was crowned the emperor of France, he expanded France's borders. He defeated the Austrians and this treaty gave him access to all of the Austrians' italian possessions and the Germanic land west of the Rhine. This left only Britain against France.


 * Empire Period- **


 * Grand Empire: ** Added dependent states to the French Empire. Included the Swiss Federation(a republic); Illyrian Provinces (Trieste and Dalmatia); Grand Duchy of Warsaw; Confederation of Rhine (Westphalia, Saxony, Bavaria, and Wurtemburg and others).


 * War of the Third Coalition- **

On 21 October 1805, the Royal Navy clashed with the Combined French and Spanish fleet at Cape Trafalgar, off the coast of Spain. The battle had massive repercussions for Napoleon's France and the future of the British Empire.
 * Battle of Trafalgar- **

**Lord Horatio Nelson**- As an esteemed English militia man, he is remembered by his outstanding performance in the Battle of Trafalgar. He died in battle there, and went down in history as one of Britain's most heroic men.

**Arc de Triomphe**- An arc in Paris, France. It honors those who died in the Napoleon wars. All deaths of those who faught are inscribed in and out on the arc. "The unknown soldier" from WWI is also buried beneath.

**Treaty of Tilsit**- The treaty that created the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, and removed Prussia and Russia from the Coalition powers. Signed in 1807.

**Continental System**- An attempt by Napolean to starve Great Britain by refusing all trades in and out of it. This caused a huge dip in Britain's economy and had a very large effect. Napolean's plan was to cut off Britain's resources with the Continental System, making them weak, then invading. Since Napolean did not have resources to go straight to invasion, this was his proposal.

**Russian Campaign**- In 1811, Tsar Alexander I, supposedly allied with Napoleon, refused to be part of the continental blockade of British goods any longer. Napoleon’s edict barring trade with Great Britain was ruining the Russian economy. Tensions quickly escalated; every attempt to negotiate failed.

**4th Coalition**- Included partners of Russia, Saxony, Sweden, and the UK. Was Defeated by Napoleons Empire.

**“First” Treaty of Paris, 1814**- May, 1814. Powers signed this with Bourbons. Set boundaries of 1792. No vengeance or indemnities to be paid. Napoleon was exiled to Elba. All other questions to be addressed at Congress of Vienna.

**Congress of Vienna**- 1814, peace settlement between Russia, Prussia, England, and Austria. Met to discuss balance of power, prevention of future wars, and maintaining peace

**Balance of Power**- To prevent France from becoming Powerful: 1) The Low Countries of Holland and Belgium were combined to form a Dutch republic to be a check on French power in the north and west. 2) Prussia received separate territory along the Rhine River to be a check to French power in the East

**Hundred Days**- Marked the time of Napoleons exile to his return. was exiled for 111 days.

**Battle of Waterloo** - Fought south of Brussels between the French, under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte, and the Allied armies. The French defeat at Waterloo drew to a close 23 years of war beginning with the French Revolutionary wars in 1792 and continuing with the Napoleonic Wars from 1803.

**Duke of Wellington**- A British general during the Napoleonic Wars. after he served as the ambassador to France, where he was granted a dukedom. Then he was a Prime Minister.

**Alexander I**- Alexander joined the coalition against Napolean I, but after the Russian defeats at Austerlitz and Friedland he formed an alliance with Napoleon by the Treaty of Tilsit (1807) and joined Napoleon's Continental System.